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CAT 5,6,7 cable

        Speed and Bandwidth:
Cat 5: Supports speeds up to 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) with a maximum bandwidth of 100 MHz.
Cat 6: Supports speeds up to 10 Gbps with a maximum bandwidth of 250 MHz (55 meters at 10 Gbps).
Cat 7: Supports speeds up to 10 Gbps and potentially up to 40 Gbps over shorter distances with a maximum bandwidth of 600 MHz.
Shielding:
Cat 5: Generally unshielded or minimally shielded.
Cat 6: Typically has better shielding to reduce crosstalk and interference compared to Cat 5.
Cat 7: Has significantly improved shielding, including individually shielded pairs and overall cable shielding, providing better resistance to interference.
Connector Types:
Cat 5: Commonly uses RJ-45 connectors.
Cat 6: Also uses RJ-45 connectors but with improved internal construction for better performance at higher speeds.
Cat 7: Often uses GG45 or TERA connectors designed to handle the higher frequencies and shielding of Cat 7 cables, but they are not as commonly used as RJ-45.
Backward Compatibility:
Cat 5: Generally compatible with older networking standards and devices.
Cat 6: Backward compatible with Cat 5 and Cat 5e, allowing connections with devices using these older standards.
Cat 7: Can work with Cat 6, Cat 5e, and Cat 5 systems, though it might not deliver the full performance potential when connected to older devices.
Distance Limitations:
Cat 5: Maximum recommended length is 100 meters (328 feet) for data transmission.
Cat 6: Maximum length is 55 meters (180 feet) for 10 Gbps speed; it can support longer distances at lower speeds.
Cat 7: Typically supports up to 100 meters (328 feet) for 10 Gbps and potentially shorter distances for higher speeds.

different connecting devices and their difference

        1. Hubs

Hubs are Layer 1 (PHY) devices that connect multiple devices together in a star topology. They simply repeat all incoming signals to all connected devices, making them unable to filter or direct traffic. Hubs are considered outdated and are not commonly used in modern networks.

2. Switches

Switches are Layer 2 (Data Link) devices that improve upon hubs by intelligently forwarding data packets to the specific device they are addressed to. This eliminates the broadcast nature of hubs, reducing network congestion and collisions. Switches are widely used in modern networks to connect LAN segments and increase overall network efficiency.

3. Routers

Routers are Layer 3 (Network) devices that connect different networks together, enabling communication between devices on separate networks. They use routing protocols to determine the best path for data packets to reach their destinations across the internet. Routers are essential for internet connectivity and network segmentation.

4. Bridges

Bridges are Layer 2 (Data Link) network devices that connect two or more network segments together. They operate at the MAC address level, which allows them to filter and forward data packets based on the MAC addresses of the devices involved. Bridges are commonly used to create a single broadcast domain from multiple network segments, which helps to improve network performance and reduce congestion.

5. Repeaters

Repeaters are Layer 1 (PHY) devices that extend the range of a network by amplifying and retransmitting signals. They are typically used to extend the reach of a network over longer distances, especially in areas with poor signal strength. Repeaters are less common than other network connecting devices.

Crimping lan

        Gather the necessary tools and materials: You will need a crimping tool, a wire stripper, an RJ-45 connector, and a CAT5e or CAT6 Ethernet cable.

Strip the outer sheathing of the cable: Use the wire stripper to remove about an inch of the outer sheathing of the Ethernet cable. Be careful not to cut into the inner wires.

Untwist and arrange the wires: Untwist the eight individual wires within the cable. Arrange them in the correct order according to the T-568A or T-568B wiring standard.

Insert the wires into the RJ-45 connector: Hold the RJ-45 connector with the wire opening facing up. Insert the wires into the connector, making sure that they are properly aligned with the corresponding pins.

Crimp the wires: Use the crimping tool to crimp the RJ-45 connector onto the cables. Ensure that the crimp is secure and that the wires are not damaged.

Planning and setting IP networks.

        1. Planning:

a) Requirements:

Network size: Determine the number of devices and expected future growth.
Network function: Define the purpose and traffic flow within the network.
Security needs: Identify security requirements and access control policies.
Budget and resources: Consider costs for hardware, software, and maintenance.
b) Network Design:

Topology: Choose a suitable network topology like star, bus, or mesh based on size and requirements.
Addressing Scheme: Define an efficient IP address scheme with appropriate subnet masks and allocations.
Hardware Selection: Choose routers, switches, and other network devices based on performance and capacity needs.
Security Measures: Integrate firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and access control lists for network protection.
c) Documentation:

Document the network design, addressing scheme, and configuration details for future reference and troubleshooting.
2. Setting Up:

a) Hardware Installation:

Install and connect network devices according to the designed topology.
Configure hardware settings like IP addresses, subnet masks, and default gateways.
b) Software Configuration:

Configure network operating systems on servers and network devices.
Implement network services like DHCP, DNS, and file sharing as needed.
Define user accounts and access control policies for each device and service.
c) Testing and Verification:

Test network connectivity and functionality between all devices.
Verify IP address configuration and routing tables.
Validate security measures and access control policies.
3. Maintenance and Troubleshooting:

Regularly monitor network performance and resource usage.
Implement security updates and patch vulnerabilities promptly.
Perform routine backups of network configuration data.
Troubleshoot network issues and address connectivity problems effectively.

ipconfig, network, netstat, arp, ping, trace route

        1. ipconfig (Windows) / ifconfig (Unix/Linux):
Function: Displays information about network interfaces, including IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateway, and more.
Usage:
ipconfig /all (Windows) or ifconfig -a (Unix/Linux) shows detailed information about all network interfaces.
ipconfig /release and ipconfig /renew (Windows) renew or release DHCP configuration.
Example: ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig eth0 (Unix/Linux) to display information about a specific interface.
2. netstat:
Function: Shows network statistics and active connections. It displays routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and more.
Usage:
netstat -a shows all active connections and listening ports.
netstat -r displays the routing table.
Example: netstat -a to list all active connections and associated ports.
3. arp:
Function: Displays and modifies the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache, which translates IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Usage:
arp -a shows the ARP table containing IP and MAC address mappings.
arp -d deletes an entry from the ARP cache.
Example: arp -a to display the ARP table.
4. ping:
Function: Tests connectivity between two devices by sending ICMP echo request packets.
Usage:
ping [IP address or hostname] checks if a host is reachable and measures round-trip time.
ping -c [number] [IP address] (Unix/Linux) limits the number of packets sent.
Example: ping google.com to test connectivity to Google's servers.
5. tracert (Windows) / traceroute (Unix/Linux):
Function: Traces the route packets take from your device to a specified destination by showing all the hops (routers) in between.
Usage:
tracert [IP address or hostname] (Windows) or traceroute [IP address or hostname] (Unix/Linux) traces the route.
Example: tracert google.com to trace the route to Google's servers.

configuring lan setup - implementation of drive / file sharing and printer sharing

        File Sharing:
On the Computer Sharing Files:
Enable File Sharing:
Go to Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Change advanced sharing settings.
Turn on network discovery, file and printer sharing, and allow Windows to manage homegroup connections.
Share Folders:
Right-click the folder you want to share, select "Properties."
Go to the "Sharing" tab, click "Advanced Sharing."
Check "Share this folder," set permissions, and click "OK."
On Other Computers to Access Shared Files:
Discover Shared Folders:
Open File Explorer > Network.
You should see the shared computer listed there; double-click to access shared folders.
Access Shared Files:
Enter the credentials if prompted (username/password of the computer sharing the files).
Browse and access the shared files and folders.
Printer Sharing:
On the Computer Sharing the Printer:
Enable Printer Sharing:
Go to Control Panel > Devices and Printers.
Right-click the printer you want to share and select "Printer properties."
Go to the "Sharing" tab, check "Share this printer," and assign a share name.
On Other Computers to Access the Shared Printer:
Discover Shared Printers:

Go to Control Panel > Devices and Printers > Add a printer.
Select "Add a network, wireless, or Bluetooth printer."
Choose the shared printer from the list or manually enter its network path.
Install the Printer Driver:

If prompted, install the printer driver for the shared printer onto the other computers.